Cardiovascular disease risk in post-menopausal women

Cardiovascular disease [CVD] risk increases after menopause which may be related to metabolic and hormonal changes. Menopause is a risk factor of CVD because estrogen withdrawal affects cardiovascular function and metabolism. To recognize the risk of menopause as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. 500 women living in Azazzi village, Sharkia Governorate and aged between 45-55 years were invited to attend the health unit for participation in this cross-sectional study, during the period from February-to-August, 2008. Only 270 women shared in the study after exclusion of the unfit and refusing women. All women were subjected to a well designed questiolmaire, measuring blood pressure, weight and height for BMI calculation, serum samples for FSH and E2 hormones and blood samples for lipids, lipoproteins and glucose. The collected data were analyzed by using the mean, standard deviation and multivariate analysis [SPSS statistics program]. The study showed a significant relation between the menopause and systolic blood pressure [p<0.001], total cholesterol [p<0.001], LDL cholesterol [p<0.05] and triglycerides [p<0.001]. Also, there was a significant relation with age [p<0.001], current smoking [p<0.05] and BMI [P<0.05]. Menopause is a predisposing factor of cardiovascular disease because it is accompanied with increased lipids, lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure and withdrawal of estrogen hormone which causes changes in function and metabolism of cardiovascular system. The menopausal women should be educated to control hypertension and diabetes. The reproductive hormone therapy should be under medical supervision. They should be advised to stop smoking, do regular exercise and maintain normal body weight

Impact of vitamin A supplementation on diarrhea and acute respiratory infection among children

Clinical manifested vitamin A deficiency predisposes to increased diarrhea and respiratory morbidity. To study impact of vitamin A supplementation on acute respiratory tract infection and diarrhea of children. A clinical trial study was carried out in Azazi village- Sharkia governorate, Egypt- through the year of 2009. Of 430 children aged 12-60 months attending the local health centre to get medical care for diarrhea. 300 children were included in this study. Those children with history of acute diarrhea of less than seven days' duration were divided into two groups. vitamin A group children [150] who received vitamin A 200000 IU and the other 150 [control group] were not given vitamin A. Incidence and prevalence of acute lower respiratory tract infections and diarrhea during the 90 days after termination of diarrheal episode were measured by twice weekly home visits. The incidence [relative risk 1.07; 95% confidence interval 0.92 to 1.26] and average number of days spent with acute lower respiratory tract infections were similar in the vitamin A supplemented and control groups. The incidence of diarrhea was also similar [relative risk 0.95; 95% confidence interval 0.86 to 1.05] in the two groups. There was a reduction in the mean daily prevalence of diarrhea associated with fever in the vitamin A supplemented children older than 23 months. Results showed a lack of impact of vitamin A supplementat ion on acute respiratory tract infection, but there was a reduction in the severity of diarrhea in older children. Parents are advised to give their Children vitamin A during the obligatory program of immunization and during diarrheal attacks because this may lower incidence and severity of diarrhea especially in older children

Treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis with silastic interpositional arthroplasty

Ankylosis is a very common condition developed mainly after damage to mandibular condyles or temporomandibular joint [TMJ] at a growing age. Different autogenous and alloplastic interpositional materials have been attempted after the resection of the ankylotic bone to achieve desirable results. This condition is relatively common in Pakistan. We treated TMJ ankylosis with alloplastic medical grade silicone "silastic" interpositional arthroplasty. Eight joints accompanied ipsilateral or contralateral coronoidectomy to achieve desirable results. All patients were presented at Punjab Dental Hospital Lahore. Sixty-one joints with unilateral TMJ ankylosis were underwent surgery after careful examination and final radiographic confirmation. The preoperative CT scan was also performed in few patients. The postoperative measurements of the interincisal opening with lateral and protrusive jaw movements were criteria for success of surgery. The lateral and protrusive jaw movements were assessed as excellent, good and poor. Less than 25 mm interincisal opening was considered as poor jaw opening. The overall success rate was 98.4 "Ai with 84% desirable interincisal jaw opening. Less than 5% patients were observed with poor jaw opening. The immediate late complications were transient and were included oedema, weakness of a branch of the facial nerve on the operated side. Two implants were infected along with one wire in the first month of surgery and were removed under local anesthesia without further complication

Management of pediatric temporomand bular joint ankylosis: use of costochondral rib graft with interpositiona, temporalis myofacial flap

The posttraumatic ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint [TMJ] is frequently seen in children in Pakistan. The factors which favour in the development of this condition are; the children exhibit much more liability to emergency management, greater difficulty in clinical and radiological examination, state of mixed dentition, faster rate of healing, non-availability of specialists and low socioeconomic status of the patient. Different autogenous and alloplastic interpositional materials have been attempted after the resection of the ankylotic bone to achieve desirable results. All patients were presented at Punjab Dental and Children Complex Hospitals Lahore. Twenty-three children [age 1 to 15years] with 28 joints underwent costochondral arthroplasty with interpositional temporalis myofacial flap, out of which 6 were of re-ankylosis after surgery at other centres. The costochondral graft was fixed by tripod screws with remaining ramus condylar unit. The surgery was planned after caref ul examination and final radiographic confirmation. The preoperative CT scan was also performed in few patients. The surgical protocol is used to achieve the desirable interincisal jaw opening [>30mm] that was also the postoperative criteria for successful surgery. Five patients with bilateral ankylosis were operated and one patient with additional ipsilateral coronoidectomy. Less than 30mm interincisal opening was considered as unsatisfactory jaw opening. The overall success rate was 96% with only one patient was observed with less than 30mm opening. The lateral and protrusive jaw movements were assessed as excellent, good and poor. The immediate postoperative complications were transient. The ankylosis develops mainly after damage to mandibular condyles or TMJ at a growing age. Results with the procedure were encouraging without noticeable complications during an average follow up of one year

interactive effect of genotypes and plant density on peanut yield and yield components

This experiment was conducted during the 1998, 1999 and 2000 growing seasons, using three genotypes of peanut IPA2 [runner type], IPA 4 [bunsh type] and IPA 8 [semi erect type] in Raihana Experiment Station at Anna in Alanbbar Province, to study the effect of spacing between rows which were 60,75 and 90 cm and spacing between hills which were 20,35 and 50 cm on yield and yield components of peanut. Results showed that the genotype IPA 2 surpassed the other genotypes in terms of; pods number/plant [71.23] pods weight / plant [103.91 gm], seeds weight / plant [63.33 gm], pods yield [5859 kg / ha] and seed yield [3658 kg/ha], while it did not differ from other genotypes in shelling percentage. The density [90x50] was superior in terms of pods weight / plant [119.26 gm] and seed weight / plant [74.37 gm], meanwhile the density [60x35] surpassed the others densities in terms of pods yield [7041 kg / ha] and seed yield [4255 kg / ha], on the other hand it gave the lowest value of shelling percentage [60.43%], while the density [90x20] gave the highest shelling percentage [64.55%].The study recommends that farmers must grow this crop at the density [90x35] for runner types, [60x35 cm] for bunsh types and the [75x20 cm] for semi erect types